Saga of the Sioux Read online

  Black Hills (Paha Sapa); Custer’s expedition to; negotiations for mineral rights to; relinquishment of, proposed to Indians; Sioux Nation’s legal fight to regain; taken from Indians; treaty recognizing Sioux ownership of

  Black Horse

  Bozeman Trail; attacks on forts along; Carrington regiment’s advance along; closing of; forts constructed on; treaty commission of 1866 and

  Brave Bear

  Brughiere, Johnny

  Brulés, See also Spotted Tail

  Buchanan, James

  Buffalo

  Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show

  Buffalo-Calf-Road-Woman

  Bull Bear

  Bull Head

  Calendar of Sioux

  Camp Release

  Camp Robinson (later Fort Robinson)

  Canada: Santees’ flight to; Sitting Bull’s exile in

  Carlisle Indian Industrial School

  Carrington, Henry B.; Cheyenne chiefs’ meeting with; treaty commission of 1866 and

  Catch-the-Bear

  Cedar Creek, Battle of

  Cheyenne River agency

  Cheyennes; Battle of the Rosebud and; Fetterman Massacre and; Hayfield Battle and; Mackenzie’s attack on village of; at Powder River; railroads attacked by; Reynolds’s attack on; white men’s incursions into Powder River country and. See also Dull Knife

  Christianity: Ghost Dance movement and, Indians’ conversion to

  Civil War

  Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,”

  Cole, Nelson

  Comanches

  Comes-in-Sight

  Congress, U.S.

  Connor, Patrick E.; Arapaho camp on Tongue River attacked by; , Fort Connor built by

  Coup sticks

  Crazy Horse (Thasunke Witko); at Battle of the Rosebud; killing of; negotiations over Black Hills and; reservation life refused by; , surrender of; visions of

  Credit system

  Crook, George; breakup of Great Sioux Reservation and

  Crow Creek

  Crow Dog

  Crow Feather

  Crow King

  Crows

  Custer, George Armstrong

  Dakota Territory; flight of Little Crow and his followers to; Santees removed to reservation in. See also Standing Rock agency

  Dawes, Henry L.

  Dawes Act or Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act of 1887)

  Dawes commission

  Dog Chief

  Drum, William F.

  Dull Knife (Tamilapesni)

  Eagle Foot

  Edmunds, Newton

  Education of Indian children

  Environmental destruction

  Farming; allotment system and; assimilation and

  Fetterman, William J.

  Fetterman Massacre

  Flat Hip

  Fleet Foot

  Forsyth, James W.

  Fort Buford

  Fort C. F. Smith; abandonment of; Cheyenne attack on

  Fort Connor. See Fort Reno

  Fort Fetterman

  Fort Garry (renamed Winnipeg)

  Fort Keogh

  Fort Laramie; peace commissions of 1867 and 1868 at; treaty commission of 1866 at; , See also Treaty of Fort Laramie

  Fort Philip Kearny; abandonment of; Red Cloud’s offensives against

  Fort Randall

  Fort Reno (formerly Fort Connor); abandonment of; siege of

  Fort Rice

  Fort Ridgely, attack on

  Fort Robinson. See Camp Robinson

  Fort Snelling

  Fort Walsh

  Fort Yates

  Galbraith, Thomas

  Gall

  General Allotment Act of 1887 (Dawes Act or Dawes Severalty Act)

  Gentles, William

  Geronimo

  Ghost Dance; Wounded Knee Massacre and

  Gibbon, John

  Godfrey (mulatto)

  Gold: in Black Hills; Sawyer’s wagon train and

  Grant, Ulysses S.

  Grass, John

  Great Sioux Nation

  Great Sioux Reservation; breaking up and selling of lands in

  Gros Ventres (Atsinas)

  Harney, William S.

  Hatch, Edwin

  Hayfield Battle

  High Back Bone

  High Hawk

  Hinman, Rev. Samuel D.

  Hollow Horn Bear

  Hotchkiss guns

  Hump

  Hunkpapas; Battle of Cedar Creek and; Cole and Walker’s columns harassed by; , at Little bighorn; See also Gall; Sitting Bull

  Indian Bureau

  “Indians,” use of term

  Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

  International Indian Treaty Council

  Iron Thunder

  Joseph, Chief

  Kennington, James

  Kicking Bear

  Kill Eagle

  Lakota; proposed Republic of

  Lakota Freedom Delegation

  Lame Deer

  Land ownership, allotment system and

  Laramie Loafers

  Lightning Blanket

  Lincoln, Abraham

  Little Bighorn, Battle of

  Little Big Man

  Little Crow (Ta-oya-te-duta); as Episcopalian; flight of, to Dakota Territory; killing of

  Little Crow’s War; Birch Coulee Battle in; circumstances leading to; executions of Santees after; Fort Ridgely attacked in; killing incident at start of; map showing important landmarks and battles in; military trials after; New Ulm Battle in; Santees fleeing to Dakota Territory and Canada after; Santees kept prisoner after; Sibley’s communications with Little Crow and; surrender of noncombatant Santees in; Wabasha’s betrayal in; white prisoners in; white refugees in

  Little Horse

  Little Powder River, Reynolds’s attack on camp at

  Little Wolf

  Little Wound

  Logan, John

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth

  Lower Sioux Agency

  Mackenzie, Ranald S.

  MacLeod, James

  Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses (later known as Old-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses)

  Mankato (Santee chief)

  Mankato (town), executions in

  Manypenny, George

  Marsh, John

  Maynadier, Henry

  Mazakootemane, Paul

  McGillycuddy, Valentine

  McKenzie, John

  McLaughlin, James

  Mdewakantons. See also Little Crow

  Means, Russell

  Medal of Honor

  Medicine Bottle

  Mendota, Treaty of

  Miles, Nelson A.

  Mills, Anson

  Minneconjous; Cole and Walker’s columns harassed by; , Fetterman Massacre and; at Little Bighorn; massacred at Wounded Knee

  Minnesota; bounty paid for Sioux scalps in; Little Crow’s War in,

  (see also Little Crow’s War); Santees removed from; Sioux agencies in

  Missionaries

  Missouri River, Indian lands along; reservation Sioux relocated from Nebraska to

  Montana Territory

  Myrick, Andrew

  National Congress of American Indians

  “Native American,” use of term

  New Ulm

  Nez Percés

  Nichol, Fred

  North, Frank

  Northern Pacific Railroad

  Office of Indian Affairs

  Oglalas; attack on American Horse’s village and; Battle of the Rosebud and; Carrington’s troops harassed by; Fetterman Massacre and; final flight and surrender of; at Little bighorn; railroads attacked by; reservation left by; treaty commission of 1866 and; white men’s incursions into Powder River country and. See also Crazy Horse; Red Cloud

  Ojibwas

  Paha Sapa. See Black Hills

  Paiutes

  Panther

  Parker, Quanah

  Pawnee Killer

  Pawnees

  Pine Ridge agency (later Pine Ridge Reser
vation)

  Pope, John

  Powder River country; attack on Arapaho village in (Tongue River); Carrington regiment’s occupation of; Cole and Walker’s columns in; Connor’s launching of invasion in; forts in,(see also Fort Philip Kearny; Fort Reno); lands set aside for Sioux in; map of; railroads attacked in; Sawyers’s wagon train in; taken from Indians; treaty commission of 1866 in

  Pte-San-Waste-Win (Pretty Gray Cow)

  Railroads; Indian raids on; shooting buffalo from; Sitting Bull’s ceremonial speeches and

  Rain-in-the-Face

  Ramsey, Alexander

  Rda-in-yan-ka

  Red Cloud (Mahpiua-luta); arsenal assembled by; breakup of Great Sioux Reservation and; death of; decline in authority of; invasion of Black Hills (Paha Sapa) and; move to reservation and; in negotiations of 1875 over Black Hills; peace commissions of 1867 and 1868 and; treaty commission of 1866 and

  Red Cloud agency

  Red Cloud’s War; causes of; decoy tricks in; ended by Treaty of Fort Laramie; Fetterman Massacre in; guerrilla warfare in; offensives against Fort Philip Kearny in; peace commissions and; warriors assembled for

  Red Dog

  Red Horse

  Red Tomahawk

  “Reform” of Indian nations

  Reno, Marcus

  Reservations (agencies); Indians refusing to move to; nonreservation Indians ordered to; put under military control; Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) and. See also Great Sioux Reservation

  Reyolds, Joseph J.

  Richard, Louis

  Rifles

  Roman Nose (Woqini)

  Roman Nose’s Fight

  Rosebud, Battle of

  Rosebud agency

  Sanborn, John

  Sans Arcs

  Santees; Ramsey’s call for extermination or exile of; removed to reservation in Dakota Territory. See also Little Crow; Little Crow’s War

  Saville, J. J.

  Sawyers, James A.

  Settlers, white; killings of; right of passageway across Indian country for

  Shakopee

  Sheehan, Timothy

  Sheridan, Philip

  Sherman, William Tecumseh

  Short Bull

  Sibley, Henry H.; Little Crow’s War and

  Sioux; beliefs of; calendar of; council gatherings of; groups of; language dialects of; origin of term; territory of. See also specific bands or tribes

  Sissetons

  Sitting Bull (Tatanka Yotanka); attempts to diminish influence of; breakup of Great Sioux Reservation opposed by; in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show; in exile in Canada; family of; Ghost Dance and; grave of; imprisonment of; killing of; Miles’s parlay with; negotiations over Black Hills and; prophecy of; public appearances of; reservation life refused by

  Sleeping Rabbit

  Smith, Edward P.

  Sorrel Horse

  Spotted Tail (Sinte Gleska); assassination of; move to reservation and; negotiations over Black Hills and

  Spotted Tail agency

  Springfield repeating rifles

  Standing Elk

  Standing Rock agency (later Standing Rock Reservation)

  Sun Dance

  Supreme Court, U.S.

  Swift Bear

  Taylor, E. B.

  Taylor, Nathaniel

  Tecumseh

  Telegraph

  Terry, Alfred H.

  Thieves’ Road

  Tongue River, Battle of

  Tosawi

  Touch-the-Clouds

  Trader Indians

  Traders; credit system and; at Upper and Lower Sioux agencies

  Traveling Hail

  Traverse des Sioux, Treaty of

  Travois

  Treaties; for right of passageway across Indian country

  Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868); breaking of

  Two Moon

  Union Pacific Railroad

  United Nations

  United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians

  Upper Sioux Agency

  Vision ceremony

  Wabasha

  Wagon Box Battle

  Wahpetons

  Wakantanka (Great Spirit)

  Walker, Samuel

  Walker Lake agency

  War Department

  Wasumaza (later Dewey Beard)

  Watkins, E. C.

  Weasel Bear, Louise

  Whipple, Bishop Henry

  Whirlwind

  White Bull

  White Lance

  Whitside, Samuel

  Williford, George

  Wilson, Dick

  Wolf Mountain, Battle of

  Wood Lake

  Wounded Knee Creek

  Wounded Knee Massacre; Ghost Dance and; medals awarded for; site of

  Wovoka

  Wowinapa

  Yellow Bird

  Yellow Eagle

  Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses

  Adapting one of the benchmark histories of the American West for a younger audience was both a tremendous opportunity and a tremendous obligation. I am profoundly grateful for the help and support of a number of people. First and foremost among those is Linda Luise Brown, Dee Brown's daughter and head of his estate whose permission and encouragement made this edition possible. Sally Doherty and Rebecca Hahn provided invaluable guidance and suggestions in the many stages of the manuscript and image acquistion process. I must also thank Patrick Collins and Meredith Pratt for their enthusiasm and skill in turning the many raw elements into a polished book. I am grateful that my daughter, Léa Zimmerman, agreed to help her harried father and create the maps that are so essential in making clear the complex movements that occur during a battle. I am especially grateful to my agent, George Nicholson of Sterling Lord Literistic, whose support and dedication throughout this project never wavered. Finally, I must thank my wife, Joë lle, for her common sense and wisdom in yet another marathon effort of writing.

  For a complete list of Dee Brown’s original source material, see Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, from which this book is derived. Sources for the Introduction and Epilogue include Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, David J. Wishart, editor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004); Republic of Lakotah website (www.republicoflakotah.com); U.S. v. Dennis Banks, 73-5034, 73-5062, 14, 15 (1974); U.S. v. Russell Means, 73-5035, 73-5063, 14, 15 (1974).

  Image credits: here–here, istockphoto 7667507 © Ken Canning; here, © Jim Cortez ; here, New Ulm map courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Call # G4144.N4A3 1870.R8 Rug 112; here, Fort Philip Kearney map courtesy of Wikipedia; here, postage stamp of Crazy Horse courtesy of the U.S. Postal Service. All other images courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog; reproduction numbers are included with each caption.

  Frontispiece: Brulé chief Hollow Horn Bear, a leader in the Fetterman Massacre. [LOC, USZ62-53674]

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  Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

  Brown, Dee Alexander.

  Saga of the Sioux: an adaptation from Dee Brown's Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee /

  [adapted by] Dwight Jon Zimmerman.

  p.  cm.

  Includes bibliographical references.

  eISBN: 978-1-4668-8261-4

  1. Indians of North America—Wars—West (U.S.) 2. Indians of North America—West (U.S.)

  3. West (U.S.)—History. I. Zimmerman, Dwight Jon. II. Brown, Dee Alexander.

  Bury my heart at Wounded Knee. I
II. Title.

  E81.B754 2011 978—dc22  2011004792

  First Edition—­2011